What are the main qualitative research approaches? There are five common approaches to qualitative research : Grounded theory involves collecting data in order to develop new theories. Ethnography involves immersing yourself in a group or organization to understand its culture. Narrative research involves interpreting stories to understand how people make sense of their experiences and perceptions.
Action research links theory and practice in several cycles to drive innovative changes. How do you analyze qualitative data? There are various approaches to qualitative data analysis , but they all share five steps in common: Prepare and organize your data. Review and explore your data. Develop a data coding system. Assign codes to the data.
Identify recurring themes. What is a Likert scale? Are Likert scales ordinal or interval scales? Do experiments always need a control group? What is blinding? What is the difference between single-blind, double-blind and triple-blind studies? In a single-blind study , only the participants are blinded.
In a double-blind study , both participants and experimenters are blinded. In a triple-blind study , the assignment is hidden not only from participants and experimenters, but also from the researchers analyzing the data.
Why is blinding important? What is a quasi-experiment? When should I use a quasi-experimental design? What is simple random sampling? What is an example of simple random sampling? When should I use simple random sampling? However, it can sometimes be impractical and expensive to implement, depending on the size of the population to be studied, If you have a list of every member of the population and the ability to reach whichever members are selected, you can use simple random sampling. What is cluster sampling?
The clusters should ideally each be mini-representations of the population as a whole. What are the types of cluster sampling? In single-stage sampling , you collect data from every unit within the selected clusters. In double-stage sampling , you select a random sample of units from within the clusters.
In multi-stage sampling , you repeat the procedure of randomly sampling elements from within the clusters until you have reached a manageable sample. What are some advantages and disadvantages of cluster sampling? What is stratified sampling? When should I use stratified sampling?
Can I stratify by multiple characteristics at once? What is systematic sampling? How do I perform systematic sampling? There are three key steps in systematic sampling : Define and list your population , ensuring that it is not ordered in a cyclical or periodic order. Decide on your sample size and calculate your interval, k , by dividing your population by your target sample size. Choose every k th member of the population as your sample. How can you tell if something is a mediator? Why should you include mediators and moderators in a study?
What is a control variable? Why are control variables important? What is random assignment? How do you randomly assign participants to groups? When do you use random assignment? Can you use a between- and within-subjects design in the same study? What are the pros and cons of a between-subjects design? Advantages: Prevents carryover effects of learning and fatigue. Shorter study duration. Disadvantages: Needs larger samples for high power. Uses more resources to recruit participants, administer sessions, cover costs, etc.
Individual differences may be an alternative explanation for results. What are the pros and cons of a within-subjects design? Advantages: Only requires small samples, Statistically powerful, Removes the effects of individual differences on the outcomes. Disadvantages: Internal validity threats reduce the likelihood of establishing a direct relationship between variables, Time-related effects, such as growth, can influence the outcomes, Carryover effects mean that the specific order of different treatments affect the outcomes.
What is a factorial design? What are the types of extraneous variables? Experimenter effects : unintentional actions by researchers that influence study outcomes. What are the requirements for a controlled experiment? Controlled experiments require: A control group that receives a standard treatment, a fake treatment, or no treatment. Random assignment of participants to ensure the groups are equivalent. What are explanatory and response variables? The difference between explanatory and response variables is simple: An explanatory variable is the expected cause, and it explains the results.
A response variable is the expected effect, and it responds to other variables. How do explanatory variables differ from independent variables? How do you plot explanatory and response variables on a graph? If you have quantitative variables , use a scatterplot or a line graph.
If your response variable is categorical, use a scatterplot or a line graph. If your explanatory variable is categorical, use a bar graph. Is random error or systematic error worse? How do you avoid measurement errors? What is a correlation? A positive correlation means that both variables change in the same direction. A negative correlation means that the variables change in opposite directions.
What is correlational research? What is a correlation coefficient? How many variables are in a correlation? In an experimental design , you manipulate an independent variable and measure its effect on a dependent variable. In a correlational design , you measure variables without manipulating any of them. How do you order a questionnaire? How do you administer questionnaires? What is a research design? What do I need to include in my research design?
Why is research design important? What are the main types of research design? Quantitative research designs can be divided into two main categories: Correlational and descriptive designs are used to investigate characteristics, averages, trends, and associations between variables.
Experimental and quasi-experimental designs are used to test causal relationships. What are the assumptions of the Pearson correlation coefficient? What do the sign and value of the correlation coefficient tell you? Is the correlation coefficient the same as the slope of the line? What is multistage sampling? What is triangulation in research? What are the main types of mixed methods research designs? These are four of the most common mixed methods designs : Convergent parallel: Quantitative and qualitative data are collected at the same time and analyzed separately.
After both analyses are complete, compare your results to draw overall conclusions. Embedded: Quantitative and qualitative data are collected at the same time, but within a larger quantitative or qualitative design. One type of data is secondary to the other. Explanatory sequential: Quantitative data is collected and analyzed first, followed by qualitative data. You can use this design if you think your qualitative data will explain and contextualize your quantitative findings.
Exploratory sequential: Qualitative data is collected and analyzed first, followed by quantitative data. You can use this design if you think the quantitative data will confirm or validate your qualitative findings. Control group is the group in the scientific experiment that remains away from the research in the sense that it does not get exposure to experimental conditions. There is always a variable that is tested with the changes in the subjects being recorded and analyzed.
The subjects in a control group are not exposed to this variable whose effect is being analyzed. These subjects remain untouched with the variable and help explain the changes in the experimental group on account of variable.
In fact, the subjects in a control group are important as they rule out any other reasons for changes in the experimental group. Check your paper for plagiarism in 10 minutes. Do the check.
Generate your APA citations for free! APA Citation Generator. Home Knowledge Base Methodology Control groups in scientific research. Control groups in scientific research Published on July 3, by Lauren Thomas. What is the difference between a control group and an experimental group? Do experiments always need a control group? What is a confounding variable?
How do I prevent confounding variables from interfering with my research? What is experimental design? To design a controlled experiment, you need: A testable hypothesis At least one independent variable that can be precisely manipulated At least one dependent variable that can be precisely measured When designing the experiment, you decide: How you will manipulate the variable s How you will control for any potential confounding variables How many subjects or samples will be included in the study How subjects will be assigned to treatment levels Experimental design is essential to the internal and external validity of your experiment.
Is this article helpful? Lauren Thomas Lauren has a bachelor's degree in Economics and Political Science and is currently finishing up a master's in Economics. She is always on the move, having lived in five cities in both the US and France, and is happy to have a job that will follow her wherever she goes. Other students also liked. What is a controlled experiment? In a controlled experiment, all variables other than the independent variable are held constant. Random assignment in experiments In an experiment, random assignment means placing your participants into control and experimental groups at random.
It increases the reliability and validity of experimental results. Alternative hypothesis is accepted, if there is a significant difference in the dependent variables measured or observed of experimental group and control group. Null hypothesis is accepted, if there is no significant difference in the dependent variables measured or observed of experimental group and control group.
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