Far from being a specialised, unique field, spectroscopy is integral to a variety of disciplines. The different types of spectroscopy are distinguished by the type of radiative energy involved in the interaction. In many applications, the spectrum is determined by measuring changes in the intensity or frequency of this radiative energy.
The types of spectroscopy can also be distinguished by the nature of the interaction between the energy and the material. Examples include:. This type of spectroscopy is chiefly concerned with the analysis of objects in space.
From simple spectroscopic analysis of an astronomical object, we can measure the spectrum of electromagnetic radiation and determine its wavelength. Absorption spectroscopy involves the use of spectroscopic techniques that measure the absorption of radiation in matter. We can determine the atomic makeup of a sample by testing for the absorption of specific elements across the electromagnetic spectrum.
For example, magnetic resonance spectroscopy a specialised technique associated with magnetic resonance imaging is often used to diagnose and study chemical changes in the brain that can cause anything from depression to physical tumours, as well as analyse the metabolic structure of muscle. This works by mapping a spectrum of wavelengths in the brain that correspond to the known spectrum, and carefully analysing patterns and aberrations in those patterns.
Spectrometry is the measurement of the interactions between light and matter, and the reactions and measurements of radiation intensity and wavelength. Mass spectrometry is an example of a type of spectrometry, and it measures masses within a chemical sample through their mass-to-charge ratio. This is usually done by ionising particles with a shower of electrons, then passing them through a magnetic field to separate them into different stages of deflection.
Typically, scanning electron microscopes offer options for spectrometry based on the application. Currently, police use various biochemical tests to detect and identify body fluids. But those tests are destructive — they alter the sample. The tests are also presumptive, and generate many false positives. Researchers are using Raman technology as the first method to develop a universal, confirmatory test of body fluids.
Gunshot reside can also be examined using Raman spectroscopy to identify the caliber of the weapon used in a discharge. Investigators can use Raman to match the residue found on a victim or perpetrator with a sample of the gunshot residue in a test. Shady suppliers will counterfeit expensive drugs because of its economic value.
That includes lifestyle drugs like Viagra, Cialis, Lipitor, or vital drugs like Hyzaar, a blood pressure medication, Tamiflu, a vaccine for influenza, and Plavix, a blood thinner. Selling imitations of these drugs can earn someone a substantial profit. Investigators often use a combination of infrared spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy to identify different components used to make a prescription tablet.
Raman has its advantages. It also allows investigators to analyze very small particles. Biomass — plant and animal material like wood and manure - is cheap, renewable, and abundant. Best yet, engineers can use these materials to replace petroleum in fuel and plastic products - making production cheaper and environmentally friendlier.
First, to create reactions that convert biomass into value-added products, researchers must understand the reactions of engineered catalysts. Scientists use Raman spectroscopy to see the reactions of engineered catalysts and understand the processes.
They can then create chemical compounds that convert biomass into products with greater value, increase conversion efficiency and add properties to the end product. Ultimately, it can reduce the pollutants and energy needed to make these commodities we rely upon. Minerals, abundant on the earth, serve many functions. Some help the body grow, develop, and perform different functions. Those functions range from building strong bones to transmitting nerve impulses.
Zeolites, a group of minerals with similar characteristics, are solids with a relatively open, three-dimensional crystal structures. Its increased surface area make it a good absorber — and adsorber. One zeolite, sitinakite, absorbs cesium, a byproduct of spent nuclear fuel. Scientists can use sitinakite to clean up nuclear waste sites.
Researchers use Raman spectroscopy to understand the chemical processes involved. It adds to our understanding of how these minerals adsorb radioactive waste.
That allows industrial entities to apply the knowledge to scale up the application for large environments and disasters. In , unknowing officials threw the residents of Flint, Michigan into turmoil. Scientists discovered their drinking water supplies contained unhealthy levels of lead.
The city, two years earlier, changed the drinking water source for the city from Lake Huron and the Detroit River to the cheaper Flint River. Lead leached from the lead water pipes into the drinking water, due to insufficient water treatment, exposing over , residents.
Scientists use inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry , or ICP-OES to detect chemical elements, and is one of the most powerful and popular analytical tools for determining trace elements in numerous sample types.
Elemental analysis of water is one of the major applications for Inductively Coupled Plasma — Atomic Emission Spectrometry. It is capable of measuring up to 70 elements of the periodic table, and that with its tolerance to difficult matrices makes it the ideal tool for the analysis of many different types of water.
Improvised explosive devices. Each have an element in common — duct tape. Through extensive research, the Federal Bureau of Investigation cataloged a large database of duct tape profiles for criminal investigations.
Law enforcement characterizes these common tapes by looking at three properties - a polymeric polymer backing, an adhesive and a fabric reinforcement between the backing and adhesive.
Near-Infrared NIR spectroscopy is widely applied in food science and technology research. It has become one of the most common analytical techniques in the sector due to its low costs, fast processing and non-destructive nature. Nowadays, NIR spectroscopy is a well-recognized technique in the wheat and cereal-processing industry for routine quality assessment.
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Fluorescence More. Raman More. Elemental Analysis More. Near-Infrared More. Fluorescence Spectroscopy. Fluorescence Spectroscopy Articles. Spectroscopy Used to Find Life in Hidden Environments Like water treatment plants, researchers use fluorescence spectroscopy to measure dissolved organics in glacial ice. Photoluminescence Spectroscopy Uncovers Photovoltaic Properties Fluorescence spectroscopy is the key to new research into photovoltaic materials with the objective of developing more efficient, flexible and less costly solar cells.
Semiconductor Characterization Depends on Photoluminescence Photoluminescence PL phenomena result from materials absorbing excitation light photons and raised into an excited state. Nutraceutical Fraud Fluorescence spectroscopy, carried out by a Rutgers University researcher, found that the contents on the labels of over-the-counter supplements do not always match the ingredients. Fluorescence Spectroscopy Used by Winemakers The nature of grapes for wine making affects the flavor, feel and color of the wine.
Fluorescence spectroscopy is beginning to take on a greater role in this process. Yet, some unscrupulous sellers market their dairy barn milk as organic. Better and Safer Food Through Spectroscopy Spectroscopy is beginning to play an important role in making sure that food meets quality and safety standards. This is The Future of Cancer Treatment Photodynamic therapy, which targets a specific group of tissues, is a treatment that is used primarily to treat cancers that are near an accessible surface of the body.
Coastal erosion. Raman Spectroscopy. Microplastics a Big Problem For The Environment Researchers use Raman spectroscopy to characterize microscopic pieces of plastic that invade our environment. Biomass crane for handling Waste, Slag, Sludge, Straw bale.
Elemental Analysis. Near-Infrared Spectroscopy. First name. Lucia St. Jan 16, Here are just a few of the ways that spectroscopy is used in forensics. Explanation: Different techniques are often used on the same samples, because each method gives different information. Near-IR and Fourier Transform IR spectroscopy measurement of blood alcohol content analysis of drug, fibre, and paint samples visualization of bruises and bite marks on tissue detection of blood and explosives Diffuse Reflectance Near-IR Spectroscopy establishing time of death Raman Spectroscopy analysis of paint and fibres.
Related questions How can spectroscopy be used as a qualitative analysis technique?
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