Why reference ranges

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The first step is to enter the analyte values in a spreadsheet and sort them in ascending order of magnitude. The number of values in the data set is then multiplied by 0. For example, if the data set consisted of specimens, the 2. The lower reference limit would be the third number from the beginning top of the sorted list and the upper reference limit would be the third number from the end bottom. Outliers can have a substantial effect on the calculation of reference ranges by this method and should be removed.

Outliers are data points that lie outside the bulk of the population. Although computer programs and formulas exist to identify outliers, none is more effective than visual examination of the data. Reference intervals for some analytes are determined by consensus of medical experts based on the results of clinical outcome studies. For example, the American Diabetes Association has developed consensus values for glucose and hemoglobin A1c.

Other examples of consensus reference intervals are summarized in the following table. When consensus reference intervals are available, clinical laboratories report these values instead of determining their own reference range. Cancer Treatment Research. Cancer Health Disparities. Childhood Cancers Research. Global Cancer Research. Cancer Research Infrastructure. Clinical Trials. Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research. Bioinformatics, Big Data, and Cancer.

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